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流量工程和路徑規(guī)劃
通過流量工程和路徑規(guī)劃，確定性網(wǎng)絡能夠避免網(wǎng)絡擁塞，確保數(shù)據(jù)在網(wǎng)絡中的傳輸路徑是優(yōu)的。流量工程技術通過智能的流量控制和路由選擇，確保網(wǎng)絡資源的優(yōu)分配，從而提高網(wǎng)絡性能。路徑規(guī)劃則負責尋找短、可靠的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸路徑。
短路徑依然會引起擁塞
如上圖，起初基于短路徑優(yōu)先（Shortest Path First, SPF）協(xié)議，流量選擇短的路徑（A-C-E）進行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。然而，當多個流量流都選擇相同的路徑時，可能會出現(xiàn)擁塞，當這條短路徑擁塞時，較長路徑 A-B-D-E 可能是更優(yōu)路線。這就是為什么我們有時需要偏離SPF原則，而采用更為復雜的流量工程策略。通過流量整形、流量監(jiān)管、路由控制等手段，我們可以優(yōu)化網(wǎng)絡流量的路徑選擇，避免或減少擁塞，提高網(wǎng)絡的可靠性和性能。簡單來說，流量工程的目標是確保網(wǎng)絡流量能夠根據(jù)其特性（如優(yōu)先級、QoS需求等）被合理地分配到不同的路徑上，從而避免網(wǎng)絡擁塞、提高網(wǎng)絡資源利用率。
硬實時通信機制
硬實時通信機制是實現(xiàn)確定性網(wǎng)絡中關鍵數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)闹匾夹g，對于一些需要控制時延的應用，確保數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸在預定的時間內完成。這需要在網(wǎng)絡中實施實時調度機制，以確保實時數(shù)據(jù)包的及時傳輸。
時間感知整形器（IEEE 802.1Qbv）是一種用于實現(xiàn)硬實時通信機制的技術，它的主要功能是在以太網(wǎng)幀上標識優(yōu)先級，并將其指派給基于優(yōu)先級的VLAN Tag。它通過定義時間表來控制隊列流量，每個隊列在時間表中都有一個時間段，該時間段定義了隊列中數(shù)據(jù)幀的發(fā)送窗口。當數(shù)據(jù)幀到達隊列時，時間感知整形器會根據(jù)其優(yōu)先級和時間表進行調度，以確保關鍵數(shù)據(jù)幀在預定的時間內發(fā)送。
Traffic engineering and path planning
Through traffic engineering and path planning, deterministic networks can avoid network congestion and ensure that the transmission path of data in the network is optimal. Traffic engineering technology ensures optimal allocation of network resources through intelligent traffic control and routing selection, thereby improving network performance. Path planning is responsible for finding the shortest and most reliable data transmission path.
The shortest path still causes congestion
As shown in the above figure, initially based on the Shortest Path First (SPF) protocol, the traffic selects the shortest path (A-C-E) for data transmission. However, when multiple traffic flows choose the same path, congestion may occur, and when the shortest path is congested, the longer path A-B-D-E may be the better route. That's why sometimes we need to deviate from the SPF principle and adopt more complex traffic engineering strategies. Through methods such as traffic shaping, traffic supervision, and routing control, we can optimize the path selection of network traffic, avoid or reduce congestion, and improve the reliability and performance of the network. Simply put, the goal of traffic engineering is to ensure that network traffic can be reasonably allocated to different paths based on its characteristics (such as priority, QoS requirements, etc.), thereby avoiding network congestion and improving network resource utilization.
Hard real-time communication mechanism
Hard real-time communication mechanism is an important technology for achieving key data transmission in deterministic networks. For some applications that require precise control of latency, it ensures that data transmission is completed within the predetermined time. This requires implementing real-time scheduling mechanisms in the network to ensure timely transmission of real-time data packets.
Time aware shaper (IEEE 802.1Qbv) is a technology used to implement hard real-time communication mechanisms. Its main function is to identify priorities on Ethernet frames and assign them to priority based VLAN Tags. It controls queue traffic by defining a schedule, where each queue has a time period that defines the sending window for data frames in the queue. When a data frame reaches the queue, the time aware shaper schedules it based on its priority and schedule to ensure that key data frames are sent within the predetermined time.
